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What is Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology?
A branch of psychology that applies psychological principles to the workplace.
What are the two major approaches in Industrial-Organizational Psychology?
The Industrial Approach and the Organizational Approach.
What does the Industrial Approach focus on?
Job analysis, selection, and training.
What does the Organizational Approach focus on?
Organizational structure, motivation, work environment, conditions, and culture.
What are the main fields within I/O Psychology?
Personnel Psychology, Organizational Psychology, and Human Factors Psychology.
Who is considered the father of Industrial/Organizational Psychology?
Hugo Munsterberg.
What was the purpose of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests during WWI?
To screen military recruits.
What does the Hawthorne Effect refer to?
The change in employee behavior caused by the awareness that they are being observed.
How do I/O Psychology programs differ from traditional business programs?
I/O Psychology programs apply psychological principles directly to people productivity.
What is the primary goal of research in Industrial-Organizational Psychology?
To minimize unnecessary organizational costs and save money.
Which research method is considered the most powerful in I/O Psychology?
Experiments.
What is a quasi-experiment?
A research method where the independent variable is not manipulated.
What characterizes a Type A ethical dilemma?
High uncertainty and no clear best solution.
What is the primary difference between Type A and Type B ethical dilemmas?
Type A dilemmas have unclear right or wrong decisions.
Define Organizational Theory.
The study of the structures and operations of social organizations.
What are the four major structural principles of Organizational Theory?
Functional Principle, Scalar Principle, Line Function, and Staff Function.
Who proposed the Scientific Management Approach?
Frederick Taylor.
What does the Bureaucratic Approach emphasize?
Rules, standardized procedures, and clear hierarchies.
What is the Administrative Theory?
A theory focusing on management functions proposed by Henri Fayol.
What is the main focus of Neoclassical Organizational Theory?
The worker and individual differences.
What does the Systems Approach in Modern Organizational Theory emphasize?
Interrelated systems within the organization.
What is the Contingency/Situational Approach in Organizational Theory?
Management must adapt based on the situation and environment.
What are Theory X and Theory Y in Motivation Theories?
Theory X assumes extrinsic motivation; Theory Y assumes intrinsic motivation.
What are the four drives in the Four Drive Theory?
Drive to Acquire, Drive to Bond, Drive to Comprehend, and Drive to Defend.
What does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs consist of?
Physiological needs, Safety and Security needs, Love and Belongingness needs, Self-esteem needs, and Self-actualization.
What is the difference between hygiene factors and motivators in Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory?
Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction; motivators lead to job satisfaction.
What is Equity Theory?
It explains how individuals perceive fairness in their work input-to-output ratio.
What is the SMART goal criteria?
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
What are some types of Organizational Communication?
Upward communication, downward communication, business communication, and informal communication.
What is the Grapevine in organizational communication?
An unofficial, informal communication network among employees.
What is Leadership Emergence?
The concept that people who become leaders possess different traits.
What is the Path-Goal Theory of leadership?
A theory suggesting leaders adopt different behavioral styles to help subordinates.
What are the five stages of team development?
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning.
What is Groupthink?
A state where group cohesiveness leads to poor decision-making.
What is Organizational Culture?
The shared values, beliefs, and traditions among individuals in an organization.
What is Empowerment in organizations?
Giving employees input or control over decisions.
What are some flexible work arrangements?
Flextime, compressed workweeks, reduced work hours, and telecommuting.
What is the difference between eustress and distress?
Eustress is positive stress; distress is negative stress.
What are Type A and Type B personality traits regarding stress?
Type A individuals are competitive; Type B individuals are relaxed.
What are some major occupational stressors?
Role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, organizational politics, and poor person-organization fit.
What are some consequences of workplace stress?
Health problems, reduced performance, burnout, absenteeism, and turnover.
What measures can organizations take to reduce workplace violence?
Security measures such as surveillance and employee screening.
What is the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)?
A law providing eligible employees with at least 12 weeks of unpaid leave.
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