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What height and weight percentiles indicate a potential endocrine disorder in a child?
Below the 3rd percentile or above the 90th percentile.
What is a sign of hypocalcemia in a child's mouth?
Delayed dentition.
What condition is indicated by an enlargement on the anterior neck?
Goiter.
What is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Tachycardia.
What is a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Severe weight loss.
What symptom is associated with diabetes insipidus?
Frequent urination.
What hair condition is associated with hypothyroidism?
Brittle hair.
What facial characteristic is associated with Cushing syndrome?
Round face with hair growth.
What is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Thirst.
What skin condition is associated with hyperthyroidism?
Cool to touch.
What genital growth conditions are associated with endocrine disorders?
Excessive growth (adrenogenital syndrome), early growth (precocious puberty), delayed growth (hypopituitarism).
What controls the pituitary gland?
The hypothalamus.
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
How many hormones does the pituitary gland produce?
Eight hormones.
What are the lobes of the pituitary gland?
Anterior lobe, posterior lobe, intermediate lobe.
What is the result of growth hormone deficiency?
Short stature but normal proportions.
What can cause growth hormone deficiency?
Cystic tumors, trauma, or unknown/genetic factors.
What usually causes growth hormone excess?
Pituitary adenoma.
What occurs before growth plates close due to growth hormone excess?
Gigantism.
What occurs after growth plates close due to growth hormone excess?
Acromegaly.
What are symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria, polydipsia, dilute urine.
What causes the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone?
Increased ADH secretion.
What are mild symptoms of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone?
Nausea, weight gain, concentrated urine.
What are severe symptoms of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone?
Seizures, coma due to brain swelling.
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Front of the neck.
What hormones does the thyroid gland control?
T4 and T3.
What are the lobes of the thyroid gland?
Right lobe, left lobe, pyramidal lobe, isthmus.
What does the radioimmunoassay of T4 and T3 measure?
Protein-bound iodine (PBI) in the blood.
What can cause falsely low results in thyroid function tests?
Low albumin or phenytoin use.
What should be avoided before testing T4 and T3?
Iodine-based contrast studies or large doses of cough medicine with iodide.
What does the radioactive iodine uptake test measure?
Thyroid iodine uptake after swallowing radioactive iodine.
What does low uptake in the radioactive iodine uptake test suggest?
Hypothyroidism.
What is congenital hypothyroidism characterized by?
Decreased T4 and T3.
What are symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism?
Excessive sleep, respiratory difficulty, poor sucking, prolonged jaundice, brittle hair.
What is acquired hypothyroidism commonly known as?
Hashimoto thyroiditis.
What causes acquired hypothyroidism?
Autoimmune phenomenon that interferes with thyroid production.
What are symptoms of acquired hypothyroidism?
Hypertrophy, body growth impairment, obesity, lethargy, delayed sexual development.
What is hyperthyroidism also known as?
Graves disease.
What is the adrenal gland responsible for?
Protecting the body against acute and chronic stress.
What hormones does the adrenal gland produce?
Cortisol, androgen, and aldosterone.
What is acute adrenocortical insufficiency?
Hypofunction of the adrenal gland.
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
An inherited condition that prevents cortisol synthesis.
What happens in the salt-losing form of congenital adrenogenital hyperplasia?
Cortisol formation is blocked, leading to fluid loss.
What is Cushing syndrome characterized by?
Overproduction of cortisol.
What is the pancreas essential for?
Carbohydrate metabolism.
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus characterized by?
Decreased insulin production.
What happens during the honeymoon period of diabetes?
Little or no insulin is needed temporarily.
What is pancreas transplantation considered for?
Children with severe kidney disease or arteriosclerosis.
What is type 2 diabetes in children associated with?
Obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, and family history.
What do the parathyroid glands regulate?
Serum levels of calcium.
What is hypocalcemia?
A lowered blood calcium level.
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A metabolic disease caused by the lack of an enzyme to convert phenylalanine.
What are symptoms of PKU?
Poor growth, seizures, eczema, musty urine odor.
What is maple syrup urine disease caused by?
A defect in the metabolism of leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
What is galactosemia characterized by?
Abnormal amounts of galactose in the blood and urine.
What is glycogen storage disease?
Inherited disorders affecting glycogen metabolism.
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting lipid metabolism.
What is the key feature of Sturge-Weber syndrome?
Congenital port-wine stain on the upper face.
What is the most common form of acquired hypothyroidism in childhood?
Hashimoto thyroiditis.
What is the most common type of cerebral palsy?
Spastic type.
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