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What mechanisms are involved in the movement of substances across membranes?
Active transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, secondary active transport, and osmosis.
What energy source does active transport utilize?
Energy found in a phosphate bond of ATP.
What is the direction of movement in active transport?
From a low to a high concentration.
What is required for active transport to occur?
An appropriately shaped receptor for the substance.
What is an example of active transport?
The active transport of Na+ out of a cell and K+ into a cell by the Na+/K+ pump.
How does simple diffusion operate?
It moves a substance from a higher to a lower concentration down its concentration gradient.
Does simple diffusion require energy?
No, it requires no energy.
What is required for facilitated diffusion?
Specific membrane receptors or channel proteins.
What is an example of facilitated diffusion?
The movement of glucose and Na+ ions.
What are the terms used to describe mediated transport mechanisms?
Symport and antiport.
What do symport mechanisms do?
Move two or more substances in the same direction at the same time.
What do antiport mechanisms do?
Move two or more substances in opposite directions across the cell membrane.
How does secondary active transport work?
When active transport powers the transport of another substance.
What is an example of secondary active transport?
Glucose reabsorption in the kidneys.
What do Na+/K+ ATPases do in tubular cells?
Constantly pump Na+ out of the cell.
What gradient do Na+/K+ ATPases maintain?
A strong electrochemical gradient for Na+.
What assists Na+ and glucose movement into the cell?
A Na+/glucose symport protein.
How does glucose enter the cell against its concentration gradient?
As Na+ moves down the electrochemical gradient.
How does glucose diffuse after entering the cell?
By facilitated diffusion into the interstitial space.
What substances must be reabsorbed by the nephron?
Ca++, Na+, glucose, and amino acids.
What substances are secreted into the filtrate as waste products?
Urea, K+, ammonia, creatinine, and some drugs.
How is acid-base balance maintained?
Through actions of the lungs and kidneys.
What do the lungs do to maintain acid-base balance?
Rid the body of H+.
What do the kidneys do to maintain acid-base balance?
Secrete or reabsorb H+ and HCO3.
What percentage of urea is passively reabsorbed by the PCT?
About 50 percent.
Where is more urea recovered as needed?
In the collecting ducts.
What does ADH induce the insertion of?
Urea transporters and aquaporin channel proteins.
What is required for facilitated diffusion to occur?
Specific membrane receptors or channel proteins.
What is the role of Na+/K+ ATPases in the nephron?
To maintain a strong electrochemical gradient for Na+.
What happens to glucose after it enters the cell?
It diffuses across the basal membrane into the interstitial space.
What is the role of the Na+/glucose symport protein?
To assist in the movement of Na+ and glucose into the cell.
What is maintained by the reabsorption of Ca++, Na+, glucose, and amino acids?
Homeostatic plasma concentrations.
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